ON THE NOTION OF AN ‘ORGANISATIONAL UNIT’ IN POLISH TERRITORIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT LAW

The paper focuses on some terminological issues arising from the notion of an ‘organisational unit’ used by Polish territorial self-government law. The lack of a legal definition of this notion has been indicated, as it leads to different meanings associated with the term in different legal provisions, giving rise to a number of practical consequences. The de lege ferenda proposal to regulate that has been offered

Offences and malfeasances against industrial property rights

Andrzej Szewc - doktor habilitowany, profesor Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej.The main method adopted for the protection of industrial property is civil liability, which uses claim litigation as the primary legal tool for addressing the exploitation of industrial property rightsand for recovering losses to the rights holder. However, in some cases the instruments of penal law are applied. In this respect the legislator saw fi t to incorporate penal provisions on the violation of industrial property rightsin the Polish Patent Act. This paper discusses the following offences and malfeasances against industrial property: 1) infringement of the moral rights of aninventor; 2) infringement of patent rights; 3) use of falsified trade-marks; 4) wilfully misleading third parties into believing in the existence of legal protection of an invention, utility model, etc., and the attendant principles of penal responsibility for committing such acts.Politechnika Świętokrzyska229-24

Recent Insights into Plant miRNA Biogenesis: Multiple Layers of miRNA Level Regulation

MicroRNAs are small RNAs, 20–22 nt long, the main role of which is to downregulate gene expression at the level of mRNAs. MiRNAs are fundamental regulators of plant growth and development in response to internal signals as well as in response to abiotic and biotic factors. Therefore, the deficiency or excess of individual miRNAs is detrimental to particular aspects of a plant’s life. In consequence, the miRNA levels must be appropriately adjusted. To obtain proper expression of each miRNA, their biogenesis is controlled at multiple regulatory layers. Here, we addressed processes discovered to influence miRNA steady-state levels, such as MIR transcription, co-transcriptional pri-miRNA processing (including splicing, polyadenylation, microprocessor assembly and activity) and miRNA-encoded peptides synthesis. MiRNA stability, RISC formation and miRNA export out of the nucleus and out of the plant cell also define the levels of miRNAs in various plant tissues. Moreover, we show the evolutionary conservation of miRNA biogenesis core proteins across the plant kingdom